Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are a central part of the immune system. They help to protect the body against foreign substances, microbes, and infectious diseases.
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Normal urine contains chemicals called nitrates. If bacteria enter the urinary tract, nitrates can turn into different, similarly named chemicals called nitrites.
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A urobilinogen in urine test measures the amount of urobilinogen in a urine sample. Urobilinogen is formed from the reduction of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance found in your liver that helps break down red blood cells. Normal urine contains some urobilinogen.
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A protein in urine test measures how much protein is in your urine. Proteins are substances that are essential for your body to function properly. Protein is normally found in the blood. If there is a problem with your kidneys, protein can leak into your urine.
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A urine pH test measures the level of acid in urine.
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Before having any laboratory test, tell your doctor and the laboratory personnel that you are taking ascorbic acid. Diabetics should talk to their doctor or pharmacist for the correct way to test their urine if they are taking ascorbic acid supplements.
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What Abnormal Results Mean
Decreased urine specific gravity may be due to:
Damage to kidney tubule cells (renal tubular necrosis)
Diabetes insipidus
Drinking too much fluid
Kidney failure
Low sodium level in the blood
Severe kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
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Your test results may be a specific number or listed as a "small," "moderate," or "large" amount of ketones. Normal results can vary, depending on your on your diet, activity level, and other factors. Because high ketone levels can be dangerous, be sure to talk to your health care provider about what is normal for you and what your results mean. Some people use at-home kits to test for ketones if they are on a ketogenic or "keto" diet. A keto diet is type of weight-loss plan that causes a healthy person's body to make ketones. Be sure to talk to your health care provider before going on a keto diet.
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If bilirubin is found in your urine, it may indicate:
A liver disease such as hepatitis
A blockage in the structures that carry bile from your liver
A problem with liver function
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Abnormal results may mean your kidneys are starting to get damaged. But the damage may not yet be bad.
Abnormal results may also be reported as:
Range of 20 to 200 mcg/min
Range of 30 to 300 mg/24 hours
You will need more tests to confirm a problem and show how severe the kidney damage may be.
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